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Death and funerary rites: a cultural comparison

Summary

The paper examines the question of death and customs Grave of the four major traditions. Ancient societies believed in life after death. For example, the ancient Egyptians mummify the bodies to reserve souls and prepare the body to another life. The second group is American Indian, and practices vary from tribe to tribe. However, they also believed in life after death and buried their dead with material possessions. funerals Japanese Buddhist traditions, most of them burn the bodies of their family. Finally, modern organisms Americans in their natural shape to symbolize death as a rite of passage.

Introduction

Cultures around the world bury their dead with their religious beliefs and social traditions. However, these traditions are transient and have changed in the last centuries. The trial aims to establish an understanding of customs and rituals of death in ancient traditions, Japanese, Native Americans and modern American cultures. (British Humanist Association Website, 2003)

Origin of the death ceremony of burial practices / cultures in old

mirror today ceremonies death of old practices. One of the most civilized societies of history was the Egyptian community. His funeral reflects their social origin, economic and religious. Ancient Egypt was largely tributary of the River Nile would flood each year between July and October. During other periods of year, most subjects were sowing occupied or perform other agricultural activities. However, during the flood, most natives are busy constructing canals or other institutions in the Kingdom.

In this context, the Egyptian funerary customs of the oldest in terms of these economic activities. The thought the continuity of life and thus preserved bodies to facilitate this transition. An Egyptian would be expected to carry all their possessions to prepare for life in another world. That's why most of the graves had pictures of architecture, handicrafts, agricultural activities and dresses that symbolize prosperity in life after death.

Egyptians believed that everything in life is expected to be needed in the afterlife. Therefore, the majority of his death would be buried next to his tools. It was common to find things like wigs, clothing, hair and other supplies along the bodies. They felt that some of the elements necessary in the afterlife, he magically transforms the elements necessary. That is why many graves were pictures of food on the wall. In the case where food was scarce and there need to be available. (Spencer, 1988)

The ancient Egyptians believed that the body remains intact and soul that would facilitate a transition in next life. Therefore, the body should be preserved by mummification. They also said that the personality of a would remain in place grave (tomb). Therefore, it was necessary to prepare funeral. The mummification was performed by removing the internal organs a dead person (However, he threw the brain because they believed was not important enough). Life would put those bodies in bottles, stone or clay. The bottles looked like different animals representing spirits guards in the afterlife. Thereafter, the body wrapped special pieces of clothing without leaving any exposed part. In addition, the ancient Egyptians buried their dead with a piece of writing known as Book of the Dead. Writing was a collection of spells, magic formulas passwords and thought to be essential in the afterlife. They believed that the dead face many tests and it was necessary to provide a tool. (Andrews, 1994)

Ancient civilizations like the last United under widely believed in the idea of a renaissance. For them, death was a mere interruption of life, but gave a different life. The customs at the time revolved around the concept. (Spencer, 1988)

Native American customs and ceremonies of Death

The Native Americans had embraced the fact that death can occur at any time. However, this does not affect the sanctity of the dead. Although A number of tribes of Native Americans as a group, they all believed in the concept of two souls. A soul would die in the same time the body while other entered the spiritual world and guides the lives of the living. Despite this similarity, most indigenous tribes have their own customs other than death. Some of these customs may be shared with other tribes through marriage or through trade, while others may remain exclusive to that individual. (Wahl, 1969)

Hopewell companies in the Midwest used to provide their graves because they believed that the dead should be sending a exclusivity. In contrast, the Indians in the Arctic region are not paying attention to their dead as they left to be broken by the elements or eaten by wild animals. The tribes of South East practiced secondary burial. Here, the bodies were exhumed, cleaned and bones buried. The tribes of eastern North wanted to keep skeletons of the dead until all members of the Community, made in mass graves. The skeletons were buried along with feathers and fur to protect them in the afterlife. (Wahl, 1969)

Native American tribes in the regions coastal north-west would put their dead in canoes tied to poles and let the boats there. Instead, the tribes located in California burn body. Those found in the western part of the country put their dead in caves. Those who are in the plains tribes to bury their dead. But where the ground was not flexible enough, putting their dead on the top platforms in the trees. The mummification was also among the tribes of the South Atlantic and Central tribes. However, when a large number of people in the tribe while the death of an epidemic disease, dead bodies would be disposed of in a river or buried in a mass grave.

Funeral rites symbolized a continuity in the afterlife. Some tribes to mourn the deaths dramatically. For example, others blackened their faces, hair cut or even cut part of your body and your arms to express their grief. Most tribes buried their dead with their belongings. Some slaves even sacrificed horses and wives of the dead for help the dead in the afterlife. Other communities that cry for long periods of time and, finally, to celebrate an anniversary of death. (Wahl, 1969)

Weather burial practices depends on the nature of the tribe. Some tribes believe that the bodies would be eliminated as soon as possible. For example, Apache Indians burned all the material possessions of the dead and dying from any place that the dead had lived. This reply has been made fear of the ghosts they believed continued. Similarly, the Navajo clean all those attending the funeral of a smudge. (Wahl, 1969)

Japanese customs and ceremonies of death

Japan has a rich and varied cultural heritage. Therefore, funeral rites not necessarily coincide in all regions of the country. Religion, economic status or social status largely determine the nature of funeral rites. However, the practices revolve around Buddhist customs. (Bodiford, 1992)

Once a person dies, his body is washed and all openings covered with cotton wool. The family used to perform this task in the past, however, these days, hospitals no. The women cover a kimono while the men wear suits and cosmetics successfully added. mortuary representatives usually work with a member family and expect it to decisions regarding the funeral. Most families give your child a greater responsibility. This person will be determine the population will eat the food, nature altar to be used, the type of coffin, among other things. The altars will be used in funerals can be decorated according to the preferences of the family of the deceased. The altars are decorated with fruit or flowers, or you can cut to suit your preferences. (Bodiford, 1992)

In the morgue, the body is placed in a coffin. The body is generally accompanied some goods which used flammable in their lives. For example, candy, cigarettes, among others. Subsequently, the body is covered with dry ice, then transferred in the afternoon that may be available in the house is dead, or mortuary. It is particularly interesting that the Japanese adhere strictly procedures condolences. Normally, a well established framework is placed near the body of dead people and is supposed to pay money according to their realionship with the deceased. Employees often sign their name beside the contribution. It is in the hands of the respective families after completing ceremony. (Faure, 1991)

The families of the participants died and the funeral of burning incense to the altar. They also offer their prayers in the course of the last task. This is followed by the arrival of the Buddhist priest who is first given some tea, talking to parents and then proceeded to a funeral home. Since then, the priest read the sutra, burning incense and then invited members of the family altar, incense and bow toward the altar. All other participants repeat this procedure and it so-called awakening. Finally, the family offers its visitors a little money to thank them for coming. A family member is expected sleep in the same room as the deceased's body and can take turns with others. (Bodiford, 1992)

The funeral took place just one day after wake-up service. All these services are performed in the temple and a wooden tablet which has a posthumous name given by the priest. Most people attending the funeral will be forced incense on the altar. The priest reads the sutra and people to see the body. (Faure, 1991)

The cremation ceremony is final. After the funeral, the body was taken to a crematorium in a car that can also lead to some members of the family. The body is transferred the coffin to the crematorium and placed in an oven. The employee said the family members of the duration of the cremation for family members can return to the wreck. The bones are removed and placed in the ballot boxes where they will transport the family tomb or a temple in terms of family structures. In rural areas, members can walk to the cemetery where the bones of the dead are buried. The latest edition is among the Buddhists Motor duty day forty-ninth known as the Festival of the Dead. (Bodiford, 1992)

Modern American customs and ceremonies death

U.S. practices in variables represent the economic, psychological, symbolic of their lives. Regarding the economic explanations, some people argue that the American funeral practices describe the nature of capitalism and materialism. (British Humanist Association Website, 2003)

death in the U.S. Customs represent the fundamental beliefs of society, that life is sacred. Most funerals U.S. equipped with a comfortable and natural public display of the corpse on the last day to see. The reason is that the company wants to show acceptance the fact that bodies decompose over time and nobody is trying to say they were rejected this. On the other hand, the body have been simple enough to show that they were not treated as normal capitalist systems. (British Humanist Association Website, 2003)

Conclusion

All the systems it has a large range of differences between them. However, there are some similarities that can not be ignored. For example, most companies use color to symbolize their grief. It is common among Buddhists in Japan, Americans, Europeans and many other cultural groups to wear dresses or dresses in black. Most communities have estimated above also show her grief in her hair. Most of them tend to cut hair to his dismay. Many cultures take in crops as noisy funeral some drum and wail aloud. Finally, most of the cultures involved in the detailed treatment of carcasses. This symbolizes the fact that death is a rite of passage such as birth or marriage. (British Humanist Association Website, 2003)

References

Spencer, A. (1988): Death in Ancient Egypt, Harmondsworth, Penguin Publishers

Andrews, C. (1994): the mummies of Egypt, London, British Museum Press

British Humanist Association website (2003): The Humanist funerals and memorials in http://www.humanism.org.uk/site/cms/contentviewarticle.asp?article=1176 8t accessed July 2008

Bodiford, W. (1992): Hi ritual in Japanese Buddhism, History of Religions 32 (2), 152

Faure, B. (1991): rhetoric of immediacy: a cultural critique of Chan / Zen Buddhism, NJ: Princeton University Press

Wahl, C. (1969): Mortality rights and its role in human affairs, the director,

39 (8), 7

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